In-field rice straw managementOpen-field burning
Incorporation
This has led researchers to conduct studies on how to speed up the decomposition rate of rice straw, one of which investigated the use of fungal inoculums (Goyal and Sindhu 2011, Ngo et al 2012). Adopting this technology, a machine was introduced recently in Vietnam, which combines three functions of combine harvesting, chopping rice straw, and spraying inoculums into chopped straw to foster its decomposition in the soil (Figure 2). References Chang CH, Liu CC, Tseng PY. 2013. Emissions inventory for rice straw open burning in Taiwan based on burned area classification and mapping using Formosat-2 satellite imagery. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 13:474–87. Dobermann A, Fairhurst TH. 2002. Rice straw management. Better Crops Int., Vol. 16, Special Supplement, May 2002. http://www.ipni.net/publication/bci.nsf/0/163087B956D0EFF485257BBA006531E8/$FILE/Better%20Crops%20International%202002-3%20p07.pdf. Engling G, Lee J, Tsai Y. 2009. Size-resolved anhydrosugar composition in smoke aerosol from controlled field burning of rice straw. Aerosol Sci. Tech. 43(7):662–672. doi:10.1080/02786820902825113. EPA, U.S., 1995. AP 42: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1: Stationary Point and Area Sources. Goyal S, Sindhu SS. 2011. Composting of rice straw using different inocula and analysis of compost quality. Microbiol. J. 4:126–138. Hayashi K, Ono K, Kajiura M, Sudo S, Yonemura S, Fushimi A, Tanabe K. 2014. Trace gas and particle emissions from open burning of three cereal crop residues: Increase in residue moistness enhances emissions of carbon monoxide, methane, and particulate organic carbon. Atmos. Environ. 95:36-44. Jenkins BM, Mehlschau JJ, Williams RB, Solomon C, Balmes J, Kleinman M, Smith N. 2003. Rice straw smoke generation system for controlled human inhalation exposures. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 37(5):437–454. doi:10.1080/02786820300977. Mandal KG, Misra AK, Hati KM, Bandyopadhyay KK, Ghosh PK, Mohanty M. 2004. Rice residue management options and effects on soil properties and crop productivity. Food Agric. Environ. 2:224–231. Miura Y, Kanno T. 1997. Emissions of trace gases (CO2, CO, CH4, and N2O) resulting from rice straw burning. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 43(4):849-854. Ngo TTT, Sumalde ZM, Espaldon MVO, Pacardo EP, Rapera CL, Palis FG. 2012. Farmers’ awareness and factors affecting adoption of rapid composting in Mekong Delta, Vietnam and Central Luzon, Philippines. J. Environ. Sci. Manag. 15(2):59–73. Oanh NT, Ly BT, Tipayarom D. 2011. Characterization of particulate matter emission from open burning of rice straw. Atmos. Environ. 45(2):493–502. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.09.023. Ponnamperuma FN. 1984. Straw as a source of nutrients for wetland rice. Organic Matter and Rice. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines. p 117–135. Romasanta R, Sander BO. 2016. Personal communication about ongoing research at IRRI. Sander BO, Samson M, Buresh RJ. 2014. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from flooded rice fields as affected by water and straw management between rice crops. Geoderma 235(36):355–362. Yadvinder-Singh, Bijay-Singh, Timsina J. 2005. Crop residue management for nutrient cycling and improving soil productivity in rice-based cropping systems in the tropics. Adv. Agron. 85:269–407. |